Ideological

Soviet politician Mikhail Gorbachev was the Soviet Union's 8th and final leader from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991. He hoped to preserve the Soviet state and its ideals, while enacting significant reforms essential for survival. His domestic policies of glasnost and perestroika improved freedom of speech and decentralized economic decision-making. With U.S. President Ronald Reagan, Gorbachev worked to limit nuclear weapons and end the Cold War. For these reforms, and support for other political changes in Europe, Gorbachev received numerous awards, including the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize. Our tribute list —through quotes, articles, and biographical details — illustrates how Gorbachev is considered one of the most significant figures of the second half of the 20th century.